Clinical Evaluations (Method Development):

Clark RV, Walker AC, O’Connor-Semmes RL, Leonard MS, Miller RR, Stimpson SA, Turner SM, Ravussin E, Cefalu WT, Hellerstein MK & Evans WJ. (2014). Total body skeletal muscle mass: estimation by creatine (methyl-d3) dilution in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 116, 1605-1613. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24764133

Banack HR, Wactawski-Wende J, Ochs-Balcom HM, Feliciano EMC, Caan B, Lee C, Anderson G, Shankaran M & Evans WJ. (2024). A protocol for remote collection of skeletal muscle mass via D3-creatine dilution in community-dwelling postmenopausal women from the Women’s Health Initiative. PLoS One 19, e0300140. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38630732

Shankaran M, Czerwieniec G, Fessler C, Wong PA, Killion S, Turner SM, Hellerstein MK & Evans WJ. (2018). Dilution of oral D3 -Creatine to measure creatine pool size and estimate skeletal muscle mass: development of a correction algorithm. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 9, 540-546. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29663711

Clinical Evaluations and Methods Development in Infants and Children

Cyrus KE, Jerome ML, Reeves AV, Nguyen K, Shankaran M, Evans WJ & Salas AA. (2024). Correlation Between Skeletal Muscle Mass and Fat-Free Mass in Infants Born Very Preterm. J Pediatr 276, 114272. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39218204

Evans WJ, Scottoline B, Imam F, Hellerstein M, Garton K, Czerwieniec G, Nyangau E & Shankaran M. (2021a). D(3)-creatine dilution for the noninvasive measurement of skeletal muscle mass in premature infants. Pediatr Res 89, 1508-1514. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32919390

Shankaran M, Scottoline B, Imam F, Garton K, Lohr J, Nyangao E, Mohamed H, Hellerstein M & Evans W. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedcp.2025.200158. Skeletal muscle mass measured non-invasively by D3-creatine dilution in children and term infants. J Ped Clin Practice.

Sidiqi A, Fariha F, Shanta SS, Dasiewicz A, Mahmud AA, Moore DR, Shankaran M, Hellerstein MK, Evans WJ, Gernand AD, Islam MM, Abrams SA, Harrington J, Nyangau E, Roth DE & O’Callaghan KM. (2023). Estimation of skeletal muscle mass in 4-year-old children using the D(3)-creatine dilution method. Pediatr Res 94, 1195-1202.

Young Athletes

Cataldi D, Bennett JP, Quon BK, Leong L, Kelly TL, Binder AM, Evans WJ, Prado CM, Heymsfield SB & Shepherd JA. (2025). Association of body composition measures to muscle strength using DXA, D(3)Cr, and BIA in collegiate athletes. Sci Rep 15, 5839. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39966425

Sagayama H, Yamada Y, Kondo E, Tanabe Y, Uchizawa A, Shankaran M, Nyangau E, Evans WJ, Hellerstein M, Yasukata J, Higaki Y, Ohnishi T & Takahashi H. (2022). Skeletal muscle mass can be estimated by creatine (methyl-d(3)) dilution and is correlated with fat-free mass in active young males. Eur J Clin Nutr. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36376405

Pre-Clinical (rodent)

Stimpson SA, Leonard MS, Clifton LG, Poole JC, Turner SM, Shearer TW, Remlinger KS, Clark RV, Hellerstein MK & Evans WJ. (2013). Longitudinal changes in total body creatine pool size and skeletal muscle mass using the D(3)-creatine dilution method. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 4, 217-223. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23797207

Stimpson SA, Turner SM, Clifton LG, Poole JC, Mohammed HA, Shearer TW, Waitt GM, Hagerty LL, Remlinger KS, Hellerstein MK & Evans WJ. (2012). Total-body creatine pool size and skeletal muscle mass determination by creatine-(methyl-D3) dilution in rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 112, 1940-1948. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22422801

Wimer L, Goncharova E, Galkina S, Nyangau E, Shankaran M, Davis A, Prado L, Munoz MC, Epstein S, Patterson C, Shaum N, Hellerstein M, Evans W & Melov S. (2023). The D(3) -creatine dilution method non-invasively measures muscle mass in mice. Aging Cell, e13897. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37272263

Clinical Populations Including Muscular Dystrophy

Evans WJ, Hellerstein M, Butterfield RJ, Smith E, Guglieri M, Katz N, Nave B, Branigan L, Thera S, Vordos KL, Behar L, Schiava M, James MK, Field T, Mohammed H & Shankaran M. (2024). Reductions in functional muscle mass and ability to ambulate in Duchenne muscular dystrophy from ages 4 to 24 years. J Physiol 602, 4929-4939.

Evans WJ, Shankaran M, Smith EC, Morris C, Nyangau E, Bizieff A, Matthews M, Mohamed H & Hellerstein M. (2021b). Profoundly lower muscle mass and rate of contractile protein synthesis in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Physiol 599, 5215-5227. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34569076

Cheng E, Caan BJ, Cawthon PM, Evans WJ, Hellerstein MK, Shankaran M, Campbell KL, Binder AM, Sternfeld B, Meyerhardt JA, Schmitz KH & Cespedes Feliciano EM. (2023a). D3-creatine dilution, computed tomography and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for assessing myopenia and physical function in colon cancer: A cross-sectional study. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37899757

Cheng E, Caan BJ, Cawthon PM, Evans WJ, Hellerstein MK, Shankaran M, Nyangau E, Campbell KL, Lee C, Binder AM, Meyerhardt JA, Schmitz KH & Cespedes Feliciano EM. (2023b). Body Composition, Relative Dose Intensity, and Adverse Events among Patients with Colon Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 32, 1373-1381. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37450841

Cohort Studies (population based)

            Aging Populations:

Banack HR, LaMonte MJ, Manson JE, Zhu K, Evans WJ, Shankaran M & Wactawski-Wende J. (2022). Association of muscle mass measured by D3-Creatine (D3Cr), sarcopenic obesity, and insulin-glucose homeostasis in postmenopausal women. PLoS One 17, e0278723. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36490255

Cawthon PM, Blackwell T, Cummings SR, Orwoll ES, Duchowny KA, Kado DM, Stone KL, Ensrud KE, Cauley JA & Evans WJ. (2021). Muscle Mass Assessed by the D3-Creatine Dilution Method and Incident Self-reported Disability and Mortality in a Prospective Observational Study of Community-Dwelling Older Men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 76, 123-130. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32442245

Cawthon PM, Blackwell TL, Kritchevsky SB, Newman AB, Hepple RT, Coen PM, Goodpaster BH, Duchowny K, Hetherington-Rauth M, Mau T, Shankaran M, Hellerstein M, Evans WJ & Cummings SR. (2024). Associations Between D3Cr Muscle Mass and Magnetic Resonance Thigh Muscle Volume With Strength, Power, Physical Performance, Fitness, and Limitations in Older Adults in the SOMMA Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 79. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32442245

Cawthon PM, Orwoll ES, Peters KE, Ensrud KE, Cauley JA, Kado DM, Stefanick ML, Shikany JM, Strotmeyer ES, Glynn NW, Caserotti P, Shankaran M, Hellerstein M, Cummings SR, Evans WJ & Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study Research G. (2019). Strong Relation Between Muscle Mass Determined by D3-creatine Dilution, Physical Performance, and Incidence of Falls and Mobility Limitations in a Prospective Cohort of Older Men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 74, 844-852. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29897420

Cawthon PM, Peters KE, Cummings SR, Orwoll ES, Hoffman AR, Ensrud KE, Cauley JA, Evans WJ & Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study Research G. (2022). Association Between Muscle Mass Determined by D(3) -Creatine Dilution and Incident Fractures in a Prospective Cohort Study of Older Men. J Bone Miner Res 37, 1213-1220. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35253257

Hetherington-Rauth M, McCulloch CE, Evans WJ, Hellerstein M, Shankaran M, Cauley JA, Ensrud K, Langsetmo L, Orwoll ES & Cawthon PM. (2025). Change in D3Cr muscle mass in oldest old men and its association with changes in grip strength and walking speed. PLoS One 20, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0320752

Orwoll ES, Blackwell T, Cummings SR, Cauley JA, Lane NE, Hoffman AR, Burghardt AJ, Evans WJ & Cawthon PM. (2022). CT Muscle Density, D3Cr Muscle Mass, and Body Fat Associations With Physical Performance, Mobility Outcomes, and Mortality Risk in Older Men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 77, 790-799. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34529767

Orwoll ES, Peters KE, Hellerstein M, Cummings SR, Evans WJ & Cawthon PM. (2020). The Importance of Muscle Versus Fat Mass in Sarcopenic Obesity: A Re-evaluation Using D3-Creatine Muscle Mass Versus DXA Lean Mass Measurements. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32436565

Zanker J, Blackwell T, Patel S, Duchowny K, Brennan-Olsen S, Cummings SR, Evans WJ, Orwoll ES, Scott D, Vogrin S, Duque G, Cawthon PM & Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study G. (2022). Factor analysis to determine relative contributions of strength, physical performance, body composition and muscle mass to disability and mobility disability outcomes in older men. Exp Gerontol 161, 111714. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35104566

Zanker J, Patel S, Blackwell T, Duchowny K, Brennan-Olsen S, Cummings SR, Evans WJ, Orwoll ES, Scott D, Vogrin S, Cauley JA, Duque G, Cawthon PM & Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study G. (2020). Walking Speed and Muscle Mass Estimated by the D(3)-Creatine Dilution Method Are Important Components of Sarcopenia Associated With Incident Mobility Disability in Older Men: A Classification and Regression Tree Analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc 21, 1997-2002 e1991. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32381425

Zhu K, Wactawski-Wende J, Ochs-Balcom HM, LaMonte MJ, Hovey KM, Evans W, Shankaran M, Troen BR & Banack HR. (2021). The Association of Muscle Mass Measured by D3-Creatine Dilution Method with Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry and Physical Function in Postmenopausal Women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33475725